Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the bowtie pasta according to the package directions until al dente. Reserve about 1/2 cup of pasta water, then drain the pasta and set it aside.
Heat a large, deep skillet over medium-high heat. Add the ground beef and cook for 5–7 minutes, breaking it into small pieces, until browned and fully cooked. Drain excess grease if necessary.
Add the diced onion to the skillet and cook for 3–4 minutes, until softened. Stir in the minced garlic and cook for another 30 seconds.
Add the chopped chipotle peppers, adobo sauce, smoked paprika, chili powder, cumin, salt, and black pepper. Stir well and cook for about 30 seconds to release the flavors of the spices.
Pour in the beef broth and heavy cream. Stir to combine and bring the mixture to a gentle simmer. Cook for 3–4 minutes, allowing the sauce to thicken slightly.
Reduce the heat to low. Gradually stir in the cheddar and Parmesan cheeses until completely melted and the sauce is smooth and creamy.
Add the cooked bowtie pasta to the skillet and toss until every piece is evenly coated with the smoky chipotle beef sauce. If the sauce is too thick, add a splash of reserved pasta water until it reaches your preferred consistency.
Let the skillet rest for 2–3 minutes before serving. Garnish with fresh parsley or cilantro and serve warm.