Preheat the oven to 375°F (190°C). Lightly grease a 9-by-13-inch baking dish.
Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the penne until just al dente according to the package directions. Drain and set aside.
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the diced onion and cook for 3–4 minutes, until softened.
Add the minced garlic, chili powder, cumin, smoked paprika, salt, and black pepper. Cook for about 30 seconds, stirring constantly, until fragrant.
Reduce the heat to low. Stir in the salsa, sour cream, and chicken broth until the sauce is smooth and evenly combined.
Add the cooked chicken, corn, 1 cup of cheddar cheese, and 1/2 cup of Monterey Jack cheese. Stir until everything is coated in the creamy sauce.
Add the cooked penne and gently toss until the pasta is evenly covered with the chicken, corn, and sauce mixture.
Transfer everything to the prepared baking dish and spread it into an even layer.
Sprinkle the remaining cheddar and Monterey Jack cheese evenly over the top.
Bake uncovered for 20–25 minutes, or until the casserole is hot and bubbling around the edges and the cheese is fully melted.
For a more golden topping, broil for 1–2 minutes, watching carefully to prevent burning.
Let the pasta bake rest for 5–10 minutes before serving. Garnish with fresh cilantro, if desired.